This Article Full Text (PDF) References Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Deci, E. L. Articles by Ryan, R. M. Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation in Education: Reconsidered Once Again

University of Rochester

Richard Koestner

McGill University

Richard M. Ryan

University of Rochester

The finding that extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation has been highly controversial since it first appeared (Deci, 1971). A meta-analysis published in this journal (Cameron & Pierce, 1994) concluded that the undermining effect was minimal and largely inconsequential for educational policy. However, a more recent meta-analysis (Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999) showed that the Cameron and Pierce meta-analysis was seriously flawed and that its conclusions were incorrect. This article briefly reviews the results of the more recent meta-analysis, which showed that tangible rewards do indeed have a substantial undermining effect. The meta-analysis provided strong support for cognitive evaluation theory (Deci & Ryan, 1980), which Cameron and Pierce had advocated abandoning. The results are briefly discussed in terms of their relevance for educational practice.

Review of Educational Research, Vol. 71, No. 1, 1-27 (2001)
DOI: 10.3102/00346543071001001


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				L. G. Pelletier and E. C. Sharp Administrative pressures and teachers' interpersonal behaviour in the classroom Theory and Research in Education, July 1, 2009; 7(2): 174 - 183. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Gow, C. Hinschen, D. Anthony, and C. Warren Work expectations and other factors influencing male apprentices' intentions to quit their trade Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, April 1, 2008; 46(1): 99 - 121. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Thompson and M. Flecknoe Raising attainment with an interactive whiteboard in Key Stage 2 Management in Education, July 1, 2003; 17(3): 29 - 33. [PDF]

				C. I. Bennett Enhancing Ethnic Diversity at a Big Ten University Through Project TEAM: A Case Study in Teacher Education Educational Researcher, March 1, 2002; 31(2): 21 - 29. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Cameron Negative Effects of Reward on Intrinsic Motivation--A Limited Phenomenon: Comment on Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (2001) Review of Educational Research, January 1, 2001; 71(1): 29 - 42. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. L. Deci, R. M. Ryan, and R. Koestner The Pervasive Negative Effects of Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation: Response to Cameron (2001) Review of Educational Research, January 1, 2001; 71(1): 43 - 51. [Abstract] [PDF]